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This repository stores data using for the manuscript: Unraveling the Connection between Subsurface Stress and Geomorphic Features The data file used in this study is 'Input_stress_fault_river_BK_091525.csv'. The code used to reproduce all figures in the manuscript is 'Kuhasubpasin_et_al_2025.ipynb' The file contain these following data: Column unit range description lat degree (-90, 90) Latitude lon degree (-180, 180) Longitude azi_R degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of river network (interpolate without considering river order) azi_r1 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 1'-order river azi_r2 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 2'-order river azi_r3 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 3'-order river azi_r4 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 4'-order river azi_r5 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 5'-order river Drainage_area cell - Drainage area river_order order (1, 7) Majority of the order river in grid cell elev km (0, 5.1375) Elevation TcstDens g/cm^3 (2.7439,2.962) Average crustal density from CRUST 1.0 TcstThk km (5.0731 73.517) Total crustal thickness from CRUST 1.0 crust_type     Crustal type from ECM1 Te km (1,200) Effective elastic thickness MI - (-1,1) Mantle influence index azi_Z degree (0, 180)* Topographic aspect azi_F degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of faults reg_F - (0, 1) Regime of F azi_SO degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of feature 𝜎𝑂 from WSM reg_SO - (0, 1) Regime of 𝜎𝑂 azi_SO_010 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured between 0-10 km azi_SO_1020 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured between 10-20 km azi_SO_2030 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured between 20-30 km azi_SO_3040 degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured between 30-40 km azi_SO_nofm degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured from focal mechanism azi_SO_fm degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝑂 measured from other techniques azi_SL degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of 𝜎𝐿 reg_SL - (0, 1) Regime of 𝜎𝐿 sp1_SL Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 1 for 𝜎𝐿 sp2_SL Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 2 for 𝜎𝐿 azi_SM degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of feature 𝜎𝑀 reg_SM - (0, 1) Regime of 𝜎𝑀 sp1_SM Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 1 for 𝜎𝑀 sp2_SM Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 2 for 𝜎𝑀 azi_ST degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of feature 𝜎𝑇 reg_ST - (0, 1) Regime of 𝜎𝑇 sp1_ST Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 1 for 𝜎𝑇 sp2_ST Pa - Magnitude of principal stress 2 for 𝜎𝑇 azi_SB degree (0, 180)* Interpolated azimuth of feature 𝜎𝐵 delta_SO_F degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝐹 delta_SL_F degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝐹 delta_SM_F degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝐹 delta_ST_F degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝐹 delta_SB_F degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝐹 delta_SO_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅1 :1' order river delta_SL_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅1 delta_SM_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅1 delta_ST_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅1 delta_SB_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅1 delta_F_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅1 delta_SO_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅2 :2' order river delta_SL_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅2 delta_SM_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅2 delta_ST_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅2 delta_SB_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅2 delta_F_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅2 delta_SO_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅3 :3' order river delta_SL_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅3 delta_SM_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅3 delta_ST_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅3 delta_SB_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅3 delta_F_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅3 delta_SO_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅4 :4' order river delta_SL_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅4 delta_SM_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅4 delta_ST_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅4 delta_SB_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅4 delta_F_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅4 delta_SO_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅5 :5' order river delta_SL_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅5 delta_SM_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅5 delta_ST_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅5 delta_SB_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅5 delta_F_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅5 delta_SO_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑅>1 :>1' order river delta_SL_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑅>1 delta_SM_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑅>1 delta_ST_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑅>1 delta_SB_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑅>1 delta_F_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑅>1 delta_SO_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑂−𝑍 delta_SL_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐿−𝑍 delta_SM_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑀−𝑍 delta_ST_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝑇−𝑍 delta_SB_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝜎𝐵−𝑍 delta_F_Z degree (0, 90) Δ𝐹−𝑍 delta_Z_R1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅1 :1' order river delta_Z_R2 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅2 :2' order river delta_Z_R3 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅3 :3' order river delta_Z_R4 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅4 :4' order river delta_Z_R5 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅5 :5' order river delta_Z_R>1 degree (0, 90) Δ𝑍−𝑅>1 :>1' order river *The range is not (0,360) because we only consider azimuth not direction 

This Review synthesizes progress and outlines a new framework for understanding how land surface hazards interact and propagate as sediment cascades across Earth’s surface, influenced by interactions among the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and solid Earth. Recent research highlights a gap in understanding these interactions on human timescales, given rapid climatic change and urban expansion into hazard-prone zones. We review how surface processes such as coseismic landslides and post-fire debris flows form a complex sequence of events that exacerbate hazard susceptibility. Moreover, innovations in modeling, remote sensing, and critical zone science can offer new opportunities for quantifying cascading hazards. Looking forward, societal resilience can increase by transforming our understanding of cascading hazards through advances in integrating data into comprehensive models that link across Earth systems. 

Temporal and spatial variations of tectonic rock uplift are generally thought to be the main controls on long-term erosion rates in various landscapes. However, rivers continuously lengthen and capture drainages in strike-slip fault systems due to ongoing motion across the fault, which can induce changes in landscape forms, drainage networks, and local erosion rates. Located along the restraining bend of the San Andreas Fault, the San Bernardino Mountains provide a suitable location for assessing the influence of topographic disequilibrium from perturbations by tectonic forcing and channel reorganization on measured erosion rates. In this study, we measured 17 new basin-averaged erosion rates using cosmogenic 10Be in river sands (hereafter, 10Be-derived erosion rates) and compiled 31 10Be-derived erosion rates from previous work. We quantify the degree of topographic disequilibrium using topographic analysis by examining hillslope and channel decoupling, the areal extent of pre-uplift surface, and drainage divide asymmetry across various landscapes. Similar to previous work, we find that erosion rates generally increase from north to south across the San Bernardino Mountains, reflecting a southward increase in tectonic activity. However, a comparison between 10Be-derived erosion rates and various topographic metrics in the southern San Bernardino Mountains suggests that the presence of transient landscape features such as relict topography and drainage-divide migration may explain local variations in 10Be-derived erosion rates. Our work shows that coupled analysis of erosion rates and topographic metrics provides tools for assessing the influence of tectonic uplift and channel reorganization on landscape evolution and 10Be-derived erosion rates in an evolving strike-slip restraining bend. 

Landscapes are frequently delineated by nested watersheds and river networks ranked via stream orders. Landscapes have only recently been delineated by their interfluves and ridge networks, and ordered based on their ridge connectivity. There are, however, few studies that have quantitatively investigated the connections between interfluve networks and landscape morphology and environmental processes. Here, we ordered hillsheds using methods complementary to traditional watersheds, via a hierarchical ordering of interfluves, and we defined hillsheds to be landscape surfaces from which soil is shed by soil creep or any type of hillslope transport. With this approach, we demonstrated that hillsheds are most useful for analyses of landscape structure and processes. We ordered interfluve networks at the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), a North American Piedmont landscape, and demonstrated how interfluve networks and associated hillsheds are related to landscape geomorphology and processes of land management and land-use history, accelerated agricultural gully erosion, and bedrock weathering depth (i.e., regolith depth). Interfluve networks were ordered with an approach directly analogous to that first proposed for ordering streams and rivers by Robert Horton in the GSA Bulletin in 1945. At the Calhoun CZO, low-order hillsheds are numerous and dominate most of the observatory’s ∼190 km2 area. Low-order hillsheds are relatively narrow with small individual areas, they have relatively steep slopes with high curvature, and they are relatively low in elevation. In contrast, high-order hillsheds are few, large in individual area, and relatively level at high elevation. Cultivation was historically abandoned by farmers on severely eroding low-order hillsheds, and in fact agriculture continues today only on high-order hillsheds. Low-order hillsheds have an order of magnitude greater intensity of gullying across the Calhoun CZO landscape than high-order hillsheds. In addition, although modeled regolith depth appears to be similar across hillshed orders on average, both maximum modeled regolith depth and spatial depth variability decrease as hillshed order increases. Land management, geomorphology, pedology, and studies of land-use change can benefit from this new approach pairing landscape structure and analyses. 

{"Abstract":["Drone image-derived digital elevation model at sag pond site in "Microcontinent Breakup and Links to Possible Plate Boundary Reorganization in the Northern Gulf of California, México" created with Agisoft Photoscan software. WGS1984 UTM Zone 12N."]} 

{"Abstract":["This is the 3-m resolution digital elevation model from "Microcontinent Breakup and Links to Possible Plate Boundary Reorganization in the Northern Gulf of California, México". Digital elevation was constructed from two 0.5-m resolution Pleiades satellite images (product type: 50cm Panchromatic + 2m (4-Band) Multispectral Bundle) using the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline software. WGS1984 UTM Zone 12N."]} 

{"Abstract":["Drone image-derived digital elevation model at 'flight of terraces' site in "Microcontinent Breakup and Links to Possible Plate Boundary Reorganization in the Northern Gulf of California, México" created with Agisoft Photoscan software. WGS1984 UTM Zone 12N."]}